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    Summary of m3u8 on HLS

     

    HLS and Http Live Streaming are protocols for real-time streaming defined by Apple. HLS is implemented based on the HTTP protocol. The transmission content includes two parts, one is the M3U8 description file, and the other is the TS media file.

    1. M3U8 file

       The media file is described in text, which is composed of a series of tags.

    #EXTM3U

    #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:5

    #EXTINF:5,

    ./0.ts

    #EXTINF:5,

    ./1.ts

    #EXTM3U: The first line of each M3U8 file must be this tag.

    #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION: Specify the maximum media segment time length (seconds). The time length specified in #EXTINF must be less than or equal to this maximum value. This value can only appear once.

    #EXTINF: Describe the length of a single media file. Media files follow, such as ./0.ts


    It can be distributed by HTTP on iOS device and mac. The playlist standard is the m3u8 file extended by m3u, and the media file is MPEG2-TS or AAC file (audio only).

    There are two application scenarios for m3u8 files:

    Multi-rate adaptation stream,

    #EXTM3U

    #EXT-X-STREAM-INF:PROGRAM-ID=1,BANDWIDTH=1280000

    http://example.com/low.m3u8

    #EXT-X-STREAM-INF:PROGRAM-ID=1,BANDWIDTH=2560000

    http://example.com/mid.m3u8

    #EXT-X-STREAM-INF:PROGRAM-ID=1,BANDWIDTH=7680000

    http://example.com/hi.m3u8

    #EXT-X-STREAM-INF:PROGRAM-ID=1,BANDWIDTH=65000,CODECS="mp4a.40.5"

    http://example.com/audio-only.m3u8

    Single rate adaptation stream
    #EXTM3U

    #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:5220

    #EXTINF:5220,

    http://media.example.com/entire.ts

    #EXT-X-ENDLIST

     

    The International Standards Organization defines this rfc doc:
    http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-06
    The m3u8 file is an extension of the m3u file. The extended keywords are defined in the rfc:
    among them:
    #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION
    Define the maximum duration of each TS.
    #EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE
    Define the serial number of the first file in the current m3u8 file. Each ts file has a fixed and unique serial number in the m3u8 file. The serial number is used to switch the code rate for alignment during MBR.
    #EXT-X-KEY

    Define the encryption method and the url of the key file, used to obtain the 16bytes key file to decode the ts file.

    Attributes:
    METHOD
    URL
    #EXT-X-PROGRAM-DATE-TIME
    Absolute time of the first file

    #EXT-X-ALLOW-CACHE

    Whether to allow cache.
    #EXT-X-ENDLIST
    Indicates the end of the m3u8 file. Live m3u8 does not have this tag.
    #EXT-X-STREAM-INF
    Attributes:
    BANDWIDTH specifies the bit rate
    PROGRAM-ID unique ID
    CODECS specifies the encoding type of the stream
    #EXT-X-DISCONTINUITY
    When the tag is encountered, the following attributes have changed:
    file format
    number and type of tracks
    encoding parameters
    encoding sequence
    timestamp sequence

    #EXT-X-VERSION This attribute can be used or not, you can have none

     

     

     

    M3U8 is divided into top-level M3U8 and second-level M3U8. The top-level M3U8 is mainly used for multi-rate adaptation. The second-level M3U8 is the real slice file.

    By default, the client will first select the request with the highest bitrate. If it finds that the bitrate cannot be reached, it will request a stream with a low bitrate


    A top-level M3U8 file in actual use is as follows:
    #EXTM3U
    #EXT-X-STREAM-INF:PROGRAM-ID=201273221265,BANDWIDTH=358400
    11.m3u8
    #EXT-X-STREAM-INF:PROGRAM-ID=201273221265,BANDWIDTH=972800
    22.m3u8

     

    The top-level M3U8 file above defines two second-level files, 11.m3u8 and 22.m3u8, and the client will select one of them to get its content.

    The content of the secondary M3U8 file is as follows:

     

    #EXTM3U
    #EXT-X-VERSION:1
    #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:10
    #EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:0
    #EXTINF:3,
    1-4.ts
    #EXTINF:8,
    1-6.ts
    #EXTINF:8,
    1-8.ts
    #EXTINF:8,
    1-10.ts
    #EXTINF:8,
    1-12.ts
    #EXTINF:8,
    1-14.ts
    #EXTINF:8,
    1-16.ts
    #EXTINF:9,
    1-18.ts
    #EXTINF:6,
    1-20.ts
    #EXTINF:8,
    1-22.ts
    #EXTINF:9,
    1-24.ts
    #EXTINF:3,
    1-26.ts
    #EXT-X-ENDLIST

     

    After the client gets the above secondary M3U8 file, it will continue to request the file inside, and then it can be played.

    The above is about the on-demand situation and the situation of live broadcast, there will be attributes in the M3U8 file to tell it is live, and the client will periodically request new M3U8 files.


    //When HLS realizes on-demand and live broadcast, the difference of M3U8 file

    1. Problem description
    Recently I did a transcoded slice playback test, using HLS (HTTP Live Streaming) to do the live broadcast. Each TS segmentation time is 10s, and the following live m3u8 files are generated according to the TS segmentation files

    Copy code
    #EXTM3U
    #EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:1
    #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:10

    #EXTINF:10
    hls/1.ts
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/2.ts
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/3.ts
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/4.ts
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/5.ts
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/6.ts
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/7.ts
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/8.ts
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/9.ts
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/10.ts
    Copy code
     Save the above m3u8 file as live.m3u8, put it in the Apache document directory, and play the following URL with VLC:

    http://localhost/live.m3u8
    The test found that the first file to start playing was not 1.ts. After several tests, it was found that:

    As long as there are more than three files in the list, the last three files in the list are always played
    2. Problem solving
    It's very sad that after searching the Internet, I didn't find any effective information. A buddy encountered the same situation, did he share his experience after solving it?

    After consulting with a colleague, the colleague said that it is possible because the live m3u8 file list needs to be updated in real time. If we do a test, we can add #EXT-X-ENDLIST at the end first. This method has been tested It works, but this is no longer live m3u8 mode

    After searching the Internet again, I confirmed that I finally found a live m3u8 description

    Live Playlist (Sliding Window)
    For live sessions, the index file is updated by removing media URIs from the file as new media files are created and made available.

    Important: The EXT-X-ENDLIST tag is not present in the Live playlist, indicating that new media files will be added to the index file as they become available.

    See Listing 3 for an example live playlist as it would appear at the beginning of a session.

    Listing 3 Live Playlist at the beginning of a session.

    Copy code
    #EXTM3U
    #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:10
    #EXT-X-VERSION:3
    #EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:1
    #EXTINF:10,
    fileSequence1.ts
    #EXTINF:10,
    fileSequence2.ts
    #EXTINF:10,
    fileSequence3.ts
    #EXTINF:10,
    fileSequence4.ts
    #EXTINF:10,
    fileSequence5.ts
    Copy code
    The EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE tag value MUST be incremented by 1 for every media URI that is removed from the playlist file. Media URIsmust be removed from the playlist file in the order that they appear in the playlist. The updated index file presents a moving window into a continuous stream. This type of session is suitable for continuous broadcasts.

    Here's the same playlist after it has been updated with new media URIs:

    Listing 4 Live Playlist after updating the media URIs.

    Copy code
    #EXTM3U
    #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:10
    #EXT-X-VERSION:3
    #EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:2
    #EXTINF:10,
    fileSequence2.ts
    #EXTINF:10,
    fileSequence3.ts
    #EXTINF:10,
    fileSequence4.ts
    #EXTINF:10,
    fileSequence5.ts
    #EXTINF:10,
    fileSequence6.ts
    Copy code
    3.live m3u8 update rules
    The list of live m3u8 files needs to be updated continuously, update rules:

    Remove the top (think played) file in a file playlist
    Continuously update the EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE tag, increment by 1
    4. Experiment
    Write a small program to generate live m3u8 for testing

    Usage:
    m3u8_gen.exe start_num list_count duration filename.m3u8 [prefix]
    Usage example:

    m3u8_gen.exe 1 3 10 live.m3u8 hls/
    Generate live.m3u8 file as

    Copy code
    #EXTM3U
    #EXT-X-MEDIA-SEQUENCE:1
    #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION:10
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/1.ts
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/2.ts
    #EXTINF:10
    hls/3.ts
    Copy code
    Write a BAT script to update the live.m3u8 file every 10s

    Copy code
    @echo off

    f

     

     

     

     

     

     

    How far(long) the transmitter cover?

    The transmission range depends on many factors. The true distance is based on the antenna installing height , antenna gain, using environment like building and other obstructions , sensitivity of the receiver, antenna of the receiver . Installing antenna more high and using in the countryside , the distance will much more far.

    EXAMPLE 5W FM Transmitter use in the city and hometown:

    I have a USA customer use 5W fm transmitter with GP antenna in his hometown ,and he test it with a car, it cover 10km(6.21mile).

    I test the 5W fm transmitter with GP antenna in my hometown ,it cover about 2km(1.24mile).

    I test the 5W fm transmitter with GP antenna in Guangzhou city ,it cover about only 300meter(984ft).

    Below are the approximate range of different power FM Transmitters. ( The range is diameter )

    0.1W ~ 5W FM Transmitter :100M ~1KM

    5W ~15W FM Ttransmitter : 1KM ~ 3KM

    15W ~ 80W FM Transmitter : 3KM ~10KM

    80W ~500W FM Transmitter : 10KM ~30KM

    500W ~1000W FM Transmitter : 30KM ~ 50KM

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    How to contact us for the transmitter?

    Call me +8618078869184 OR
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    FMUSER.ORG is a system integration company focusing on RF wireless transmission / studio video audio equipment / streaming and data processing .We are providing everything from advice and consultancy through rack integration to installation, commissioning and training.
     
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